Optical head and optical head device

ABSTRACT

An optical head which has a prism with an incident section, an internal reflective surface and an emergent surface, and an optical head device which employs the optical head. Light emitted from a light source is incident to the prism through the incident section, reflects at least once on the internal reflective surface and is converged in the vicinity of the emergent surface. Then, the light effuses through the emergent surface as near field light.

This application is based on application Nos. 10-337671 and 11-077460filed in Japan, the content of which is hereby incorporated byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an optical head and an optical headdevice, and more particularly to an optical head which is suited to beused for high-density recording/reading erasing of information to orfrom an optical recording medium and an optical head device using thisoptical head.

2. Description of Related Art

In the art of optical memories which optically record and readinformation, in recent years, with speed-up of computer processing anddevelopment of multimedia, high-density devices which are capable ofrecording an extremely large volume of information are demanded, and inorder to comply with the demand, a near field optical recordingtechnique is suggested. In a conventional optical memory using a laserbeam, the recording density is limited depending on the diffractionlimit of light, and such an optical memory can record and read marks ofsizes at least light wavelength (several hundred nanometers). A recentlyproposed optical memory which uses near field optics radiates light to arecording medium (optical disk) for recording/reading with the opticalhead and the recording medium arranged at an interval of only some dozennanometers. At this time, the optical memory uses a fiber probe with aminuscule aperture smaller than light wavelength and a solid immersionlens. Thereby, in spite of the diffraction limit, it becomes possible torecord and read minuscule marks of some dozen nanometers.

In a conventional memory which uses propagated light, such as a CD, aDVD, an MO or the like, a convergent lens, a mirror, a prism and otheroptical elements are installed in the optical head, and the optical headis large and heavy. It is, therefore, difficult to adopt an air floatingmethod based on the air lubricating principle, which is generallyadopted in magnetic recording heads, in such an optical memory. In theabove-mentioned optical head using a solid immersion lens, although thesolid immersion lens itself is small and light, it is necessary tofurther use a convergent lens, which indispensably increases the sizeand weight.

Lately, “Objective Lenses for DVD& Near Field Optical Disk Pick-up”ODF'98, Tokyo, Jun. 16, 1998 suggests an SIM (solid immersion mirror)which does not require a convergent lens. This SIM converges light byperforming refraction once and reflection twice in a prism. Since thiseliminates the necessity of using a convergent lens, an optical headusing this SIM is small and light. However, because the SIM uses acoaxial optical system, the design is strongly limited. Also, since adirection of light incident to the SIM is perpendicular to a recordingsurface, a mirror for bending optical path of incident light isrequired. Accordingly, vibration and shift of the mirror must beadjusted, which obstructs reduction of the size and weight of theoptical head device.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a small and lightoptical head.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical headdevice of which optical system can be designed freely.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical headdevice in which light has only a small loss.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a near fieldoptical head which is suited to make a gap from a recording medium by anair floating method.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical headwhich is capable of correcting spherical aberration when a parallelbundle of rays is incident thereto.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical headwhich is capable of using a divergent bundle of rays as incident lightthereto.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical headwhich is capable of recording, reading and erasing information at ahigher density by reducing the diameter of a near field light beam.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical headdevice which is strong against external vibration and shock.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical headdevice which records, reads and erases information by use of either oneselected from near field light and propagated light.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical headdevice which uses a non-coaxial optical system.

In order to attain the objects, an optical head device according to thepresent invention comprises: a first light source which emits light; anda prism which receives the light emitted from the first light source asfirst incident light, reflects the first incident light inside at leastonce and emits the first incident light in a direction different from adirection in which the first incident light was incident thereto.

A prism according to the present invention comprises: an incidentsection which receives incident light; a first surface which reflectsthe incident light received by the incident section in the prism; and asecond surface through which the light reflected by the first surface isemergent from the prism for reading of information.

Another prism according to the present invention comprises: an incidentsection which receives incident light; a first surface which reflectsthe incident light received by the incident section in the prism; asecond surface which reflects the light reflected by the first surfacein the prism in a direction which is different from a direction in whichthe incident light was received by the incident section; and a thirdsurface through which the light reflected by the second surface isemergent from the prism for reading of information.

Another prism according to the present invention uses near field lightoccurring on an emergent surface for recording, reading and erasing ofinformation, and the prism comprises an internal reflective surfacewhich reflects light which was incident to the prism inside andconverges the light on a vicinity of the emergent surface. In thisprism, a non-oaxial optical system is formed.

According to the present invention, light of a specified wavelengthwhich was incident to a prism through an incident section is reflectedinside at least once and is converged on an emergent surface. Then, thelight effuses through the emergent surface as near field light (in otherwords, optical near field). By use of this near field light, recording,reading and erasing of information are carried out. According to thepresent invention, an optical head can be composed of only a prism.Accordingly, the optical head is small and light and has a simpleoptical system. Also, an air floating method can be adopted in making agap between the optical head and a recording medium.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objects and features of the present invention will beapparent from the following description with reference to theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of an optical head device which isa first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an illustration which shows an occurrence of near field lightin the first embodiment;

FIG. 3 is an illustration which shows travel of light in a prism;

FIG. 4 is an illustration which shows an incident light beam spot, whichis a sectional view cut along “IV-IV” in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is an illustration which shows an incident light beam spot and anoccurrence of near field light, which is a sectional view cut along“V-V” in FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of a modification of the firstembodiment;

FIG. 7 is a schematic structural view of another modification of thefirst embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a schematic structural view of another modification of thefirst embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a schematic structural view of the main part of an opticalhead device which is a second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a schematic structural view of an optical head device whichis a third embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is an illustration which shows travel of light in a prism in thethird embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a schematic structural view of an optical head device whichis a fourth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is an illustration which shows an occurrence of near field lightin the fourth embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a schematic structural view of an optical head device whichis a fifth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a schematic structural view of an optical head device whichis a sixth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 is an illustration which shows of an occurrence of near fieldlight in the sixth embodiment;

FIG. 17 is an illustration which shows travel of light in a prism in thesixth embodiment;

FIG. 18 is an illustration which shows an incident light beam spot,which is a sectional view cut along “X VIII-X VIII” in FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 is an illustration which shows an incident light beam spot andan occurrence of near field light, which is a sectional view cut along“XIX-XIX” in FIG. 17;

FIG. 20 is a schematic structural view of a modification of the sixthembodiment;

FIG. 21 is a schematic structural view of another modification of thesixth embodiment;

FIG. 22 is a schematic structural view of an optical head device whichis a seventh embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 23 is a schematic structural view of an optical head device whichis an eighth embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 24 is an illustration which shows travel of light in a prism in theeighth embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Preferred embodiments of an optical head and an optical head deviceaccording to the present invention are described with reference to theaccompanying drawings.

First Embodiment; See FIGS. 1, 2 and 3

In FIGS. 1 and 2, the number 1 denotes a recording medium, and thenumber 10 denotes an optical head device. The recording medium 1 has arecording layer 3 on a substrate 2 and can be driven to rotate on arotary driving shaft 4. A protective layer may be formed on therecording layer 3.

The optical head device 10 has a prism 12 serving as an optical head atthe end of an arm 11. On the arm 11, a light source 15, a collimatorlens 16 (see FIG. 2), a polarizing beam splitter 17, a λ/4 wavelengthplate 18, an optical detector 19 are provided. The prism 12 has anincident surface 12 a, an internal reflective surface 12 b and anemergent surface 12 c. The incident surface 12 a and the emergentsurface 12 c are plane, and the internal reflective surface 12 b is aparaboloid of revolution, of which top is an end P of the surface 12 b(see FIG. 3). This internal reflective surface 12 b is made by forming areflective material 13 such as Au, Ag, Cu, Cr, Ni, Al or the like into afilm. The prism 12 is made of for example, glass such as LASF, LaF,BaSF, etc. The prism 12 is a high-refractive medium and at least has ahigher refractive index than the medium which is in contact with theemergent surface 12 c.

The light source 15 may be a laser diode, an LED or any other lightemitting source.

First, a recording process is described. Light of a wavelength λ emittedfrom the light source 15 is changed into a parallel bundle of rays bythe collimator lens 16, and the parallel bundle of rays is incident tothe prism 12 via the polarizing beam splitter 17 and the λ/4 wavelengthplate 18. The incident light is reflected by the reflective surface 12 bonly once and is converged on the emergent surface 12 c. Then, the lighteffuses through the emergent surface 12 c as a near field light (inother words, optical near field) N. The gap between the emergent surface12 c and the recording layer 3 of the recording medium 1 is set not morethan ¼ of the wavelength A (60 to 100 nm), so that the near field lightN irradiates the recording layer 3 and forms a recording pit 3 athereon.

The spot diameter s of the near field light N (see FIG. 3) issubstantially equal to that of the light beam as if still traveling inthe prism 12 and is substantially 1/n (n: refractive index of the prism12) of that of the light beam when traveling in the air. Referring toFIG. 3, if the wavelength λ of the incident light is 630 nm, if therefractive index n of the prism 12 is 1.8, if the beam diameter w of theincident light (the parallel bundle of rays) is 1 mm and if the distanced between the converging point O of the prism 12 and the end P of theprism 12 is 0.7 mm, the spot diameter s of the near field light N isapproximately 370 nm, and the recording density at this time isapproximately 3.5 Gbit/inch², which is extremely high.

Because the internal reflective surface 12 b of the prism 12 is aparaboloid of revolution of which top is the end P of the prism 12, thissurface has a function of correcting spherical aberration of a parallelbundle of rays.

Next, a reading process is described. As has been described inconnection with the recording process, the near field light N irradiatesthe recording layer 3 on the recording pit 3 a. In this process, thenear field light N is reflected by the recording layer 3, and thereflected light travels backward. The reflected light is emergent fromthe prism 12 through the incident surface 12 a, passes through the λ/4wavelength plate 18 again and is reflected by the beam splitter 17.Then, the light is received by the optical detector 19. Thereby, areading signal of the recording pit 3 a can be obtained. Because of theλ/4 wavelenth plate 18, the reflected light is securely directed to theoptical detector 19 without returning to the light source 15, wherebythe reading signal can be obtained in good conditions. The power of thelight source 15 for reading may be weaker than that for recording.Erasing is carried out in a similar process; if necessary, however, thewavelength of light may be changed.

In the first embodiment, incident light to the prism 12 is internallyreflected once and is converged on the emergent surface 12 c, whichcauses a near field light N to effuse therethrough to carry outrecording, reading or erasing. The head is composed of only the prism12, and neither a convergent lens nor a reflective mirror is necessary.Consequently, the head is small and light and can be floated based onthe air lubricating principle. Because the light is reflected in theprism 12 only once, the loss of light is small. Because the light hasonly a small loss in the prism 12 and because neither a convergent lensnor a reflective mirror is necessary, the freedom of the design of theoptical system is large.

The Shape of the Incident Beam Spot; See FIGS. 4 and 5

The incident beam spot is preferably elliptical as indicated by “S” inFIGS. 4 and 5. FIG. 4 is the section cut along the line “IV-IV” in FIG.3, and FIG. 5 is the section cut along the line “V-V” in FIG. 3. Thelonger axis of the beam spot S extends in the X direction, and the prism12 has a larger numerial aperture in the X direction. Accordingly, thediameter s′ of the beam spot on the converging point O in the Xdirection (see FIG. 5) is smaller than the diameter s in the Z direction(see FIG. 3).

Now, a specific example is given, referring to FIG. 4. If the longeraxis a and the shorter axis b of the incident beam spot S is 1.6 mm and1 mm, respectively, and if the distance d is 0.7 mm, the spot diameter sin the Z direction is approximately 370 nm, while the spot diameter s′in the X direction is approximately 240 nm. Accordingly, if the Xdirection corresponds to the circular direction (recording direction) ofthe recording medium 1, the recording density is improved.

Modifications of the First Embodiment

FIG. 6 shows a modification of the first embodiment. In thismodification, light is incident to the prism 12 from slightly downward,not in parallel to the surface of the recording medium 1. The incidentsurface 12 a of the prism 12 is slightly tilted so as to beperpendicular to the incident light. By making the light incident to theprism 12 from slightly downward, the numerical aperture of the prism 12on the emergent surface 12 c becomes larger, and accordingly, the spotdiameter on the converging point O becomes smaller.

FIG. 7 shows another modification of the first embodiment. In thismodification, the collimator lens 16 shown in FIG. 2 is omitted, and adivergent bundle of rays is incident to the prism 12. The incidentsurface 12 a of the prism 12 is convex and converges the incidentdivergent light into a parallel bundle of rays.

FIG. 8 shows another modification of the first embodiment. In thismodification, a minuscule opening 14 a is made at the converging pointon the emergent surface 12 c of the prism 12. Specifically, a lightshutter film 14 is covered on the emergent surface 12 c, and at theconverging point, a minuscule opening 14 a is made in the light shutterfilm 14. The light shutter film 14 may be made of the same material ofthe reflective film 13. By providing the minuscule opening 14 a, thespot of the near filed light N can be made smaller, which permitshigher-density recording.

Second Embodiment; See FIG. 9

In the second embodiment, for recording, reading and erasing, light of awavelength λ₁, light of a wavelength of λ₂ and light of a wavelength ofλ₃ are used, respectively. The second embodiment is of the samestructure as the first embodiment. The light source 15 has lightemitting sources which emit light of a wavelength λ₁, light of awavelength of λ₂ and light of a wavelength of λ₃, respectively andswitches these light emitting sources for recording, reading and erasingto emit the light of the respective wavelengths toward the prism 12.

In this case, the recording layer 3 is preferably a photochromic medium.As a specific example, 1,2-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)-cis-1,2-dicyanoethene (trade name, made byTokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) can be named. For such a recordinglayer 3, light of 355 nm is used for recording; light of 632 nm is usedfor reading; and light of 780 nm is used for erasing.

Recording, reading and erasing in the second embodiment are carried outin the same processes as described in the first embodiment except thatit is necessary to switch the wavelength of light.

Third Embodiment; See FIGS. 10 and 11

The third embodiment is a compatible optical head device which has aprism 22 so as to carry out recording, reading and erasing not only by anear field light but also by a propagated light beam. Accordingly, thisdevice also can be used to record, read and erase information to andfrom conventional optical disk media such as CDs, DVDs, etc. by use of apropagated light beam.

The head using a near field light is basically of the same structure asthat of the first embodiment, and in FIG. 10, the same members aredenoted by the same reference symbols as in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG.11, the prism 22 has an incident surface 22 a and an internal reflectivesurface 22 b on which a reflective film 23 is formed. A near field lightN effuses through an emergent surface 22 c at a converging point O. Theinternal reflective surface 22 b is a paraboloid of revolution of whichtop is its end P.

Recording, reading and erasing by use of the prism 22 and the near fieldlight N are carried out in the processes described in connection withthe first embodiment, and the same effects can be obtained. The detaileddescription is omitted here.

In order to carry out recording, reading and erasing by use of apropagated light beam, a light source 35, a collimator lens (not shown),a polarizing beam splitter 37, a λ/4 wavelength plate 38, an opticaldetector 39 and a mirror 34 are provided. Also, the prism 22 has aconvex incident surface 22 a′.

A light beam of a wavelength A₄ emitted from the light source 35 ischanged into a parallel bundle of rays by the collimator lens and passesthrough the polarizing beam splitter 37 and the λ/4 wavelength plate 38.Thereafter, the beam is reflected by the mirror 34 and is incident tothe prism 22 vertically through the incident surface 22 a′. As FIG. 11shows, this incident light is refracted and converged in the prism 22and is emergent from the prism 22 through the emergent surface 22 c as apropagated light beam T. The emergent light beam, of which spot diameteris s₁, irradiates the recording layer of a recording medium and forms arecording pit.

The spot diameter s₁ of the propagated light beam T is larger than thespot diameter s of the near field light N. Referring to FIG. 11, if thelight source 35 emits a light beam of 780 nm (wavelength λ₄=780 nm) atan emergent angle θ of 30°, the spot diameter s₁ of the propagated lightbeam T emergent from the prism 22 is approximately 780 nm. The spotdiameter s of the near field light N is, under the conditions specifiedin the first embodiment, approximately 370 nm. Thus, the spot diameters₁ is larger than the spot diameter s.

In a reading process by use of the propagated light beam, the light beamT is reflected by the recording layer, and the reflected light isincident to the prism 22 and is emergent from the prism 22 through theincident surface 22 a′. The light is, thereafter, reflected by themirror 34, deflected by the λ/4 wavelength plate 38 and reflected by thepolarizing beam splitter 37. Then, the light is received by the opticaldetector 39.

The wavelength λ₄ of the light emitted from the light source 35 may beequal to or different from the wavelength λ of the light emitted fromthe light source 15. If the wavelength λ₄ is equal to the wavelength λ,either the light source 35 or the light source 15 and the correspondingcollimator lens can be omitted. In this case, light emitted from theremained light source is split to travel to the polarizing beam splitter17 and to the polarizing beam splitter 37.

In the third embodiment, the modifications shown by FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 canbe adopted. Further, as FIG. 9 shows, the wavelength of the lightemitted from the light source may be changeable between λ₁, λ₂ and λ₃.

Fourth Embodiment; See FIGS. 12 and 13

The fourth embodiment is an optical head device 40 which is acombination of a prism 42 and an optical waveguide 46. The opticalwaveguide 46 are composed of three optical fibers 46 a, 46 b and 46 c(of a conventional type of which core is covered with cladding) whichare provided on an arm 41, and the respective one ends of the opticalfibers 46 a, 46 b and 46 c are connected to an optical diverging circuit47. The other end of the optical fiber 46 a is connected to a lightsource 45; the other end of the optical fiber 46 b is connected to anincident surface 42 a of the prism 42; and the other end of the opticalfiber 46 c is connected to an optical detector 48. As the optical fibers46 a, 46 b and 46 c, multi-mode fibers which have a core diameter of 50μm, a cladding diameter of 125 μm and a numerical aperture of 0.2 areused.

The light source 45 comprises a light emitting source, such as a laserdiode, a light emitting diode or the like, a collimator lens and anobjective lens. Collimated light of a specified wavelength is incidentto the optical fiber 46 a. The prism 42 is basically of the samestructure and the same materials as the prism 12, and on an internalreflective surface 42 b, a reflective film 43 is formed (see FIG. 13).

In a recording process, light of a wavelength λ emitted from the lightsource 45 is incident to the optical fiber 46 a and further incident tothe prism 42 via the optical diverging circuit 47 and the optical fiber46 b. The incident light is reflected by the reflective surface 42 bonce and converged on an emergent surface 42 c of the prism 42. Then,the light effuses through the emergent surface 42 c as a near fieldlight N. The gap between the emergent surface 42 c and the recordinglayer 3 of the recording medium 1 is set not more than ¼ of thewavelength λ(50 to 100 nm), and the near filed light N irradiates therecording layer 3 and forms a recording pit 3 a.

The internal reflective surface 42 b of the prism 42 is an ellipsoid ofrevolution which has two focal points on the beam waist W of the lightbeam emitted from the optical fiber 46 b and on the converging point O.The light beam emergent from the optical fiber 46 b is a divergentbundle of rays, and the reflective surface 42 b which is an ellipsoid ofrevolution has a function of correcting spherical aberration of adivergent bundle of rays.

In a reading process, the near field light N is reflected on therecording layer 3 and travels backward in the prism 42. Then, thereflected light is converged on the end surface of the optical fiber 46b. This reflected light travels to the optical diverging circuit 47through the optical fiber 46 b and is directed to the optical detector48 by the optical fiber 46 c. Thereby, a reading signal of the recordingpit 3 a is obtained The power of the light source 45 for reading may beweaker than the power for recording. Erasing is carried out in a similarprocess; the wavelength of light, however, may be required to bechanged.

The fourth embodiment brings the same effects as the first embodiment.Moreover, because the prism 42 is connected to the optical waveguide 46,the optical head device 40 is stable against vibration of the arm 41 dueto vibration of the recording medium 1 and external vibration and shock,and the optical axis does not shift, which secures stablerecording/reading performance.

Further, in the fourth embodiment, a minuscule opening may be made onthe converging point O of the emergent surface 42 c as FIG. 8 shows. Asthe optical waveguide, a thin film waveguide of a ZnO layer can be usedas well as optical fibers.

Fifth Embodiment; See FIG. 14

The fifth embodiment is a compatible optical head device like the thirdembodiment and uses an optical waveguide. The fifth embodiment has aprism 52 which is of the same structure as the prism 22 shown by FIG.11. The prism 52 has incident surfaces 52 a, 52 a′, an internalreflective surface 52 b and an emergent surface 52 c. In the fifthembodiment, the optical system for a near field light is of the samestructure as the fourth embodiment, and recording and reading arecarried out in the same processes as described in the fourth embodiment.

The optical system for a propagated light beam is basically of the samestructure of the optical system for a near field light. The opticalsystem for a propagated light beam comprises a light source 55, anoptical waveguide 56 composed of optical fibers 56 a, 56 b and 56 c, anoptical diverging circuit 57 and an optical detector 58. Light emittedfrom the light source 55 travels through the optical fiber 56 a, theoptical diverging circuit 57 and the optical fiber 56 b and is incidentto the prism 52 vertically through the incident surface 52 a′. Then, thepropagated light is emergent from the prism 52 through the emergentsurface 52 c and irradiates a recording layer and forms a recording pit.

In a reading process, the propagated light is reflected by the recordinglayer and travels backward to the optical diverging circuit 57. Then,the reflected light is directed to the optical detector 58 via theoptical fiber 56 c.

In the fifth embodiment, one light source may be used as the lightsources 45 and 55 of the near field light and of the propagated light ashas been described in connection with the third embodiment.

Sixth Embodiment; See FIGS. 15, 16 and 17

The first through fifth embodiment are optical head devices of a singleinternal reflection type. The sixth embodiment is an optical head deviceof a double internal reflection type.

In FIGS. 15 and 16, the number 101 denotes a recording medium, and thenumber 110 denotes an optical head device. The recording medium 101 hasa recording layer 103 on a substrate 102 and can be driven to rotate ona rotary driving shaft 104. On the recording layer 103, a protectivelayer may be formed.

In the optical head device 110, an optical head has a prism 112 at theend of an arm 111. On the arm 111, a light source 115, a collimator lens116 (see FIG. 16), a polarizing beam splitter 117, a λ/4 wavelengthplate 118 and an optical detector 119 are provided The prism 112 has anincident surface 112 a, a first internal reflective surface 112 b, asecond internal reflective surface 112 c and an emergent surface 112 d.The incident surface 112 a and the emergent surface 112 d are plane.Referring to FIG. 17, the internal reflective surfaces 112 b and 112 care described. In FIG. 17, the point P is the intersection of lineswhich are extended in the reverse direction to the side rays of thelight reflected by the first internal reflective surface 112 b, and thepoint O is a converging point on which the light reflected by the secondinternal reflective surface 112 c is converged. The first internalreflective surface 112 b is a paraboloid of revolution which has a focalpoint on the point P, and the second internal reflective surface 112 cis an ellipsoid of revolution which has two focal points on the point Pand on the point O. Further, the paraboloid of revolution 112 b and theellipsoid of revolution 112 c are so designed that neither of therespective axes of rotation symmetry intersects the center of the bundleof rays emitted from the light source 116. The internal reflectivesurfaces 112 b and 112 c are made by forming reflective films 113 a and113 b (for example, Au, Ag, Cu, Cr, Ni or Al) thereon.

The paraboloid of revolution 112 b and the ellipsoid of revolution 112 care expressed by the following expression in the XYZ rectangularcoordinate system.Z=cY ²/1+(1−εc ² Y ²)^(1/2)}

-   -   c: curvature

In the expression, when ε=0, it expresses the paraboloid of revolution112 b, and when ε=0.91, it expresses the ellipsoid of revolution 112 c.

The prism 112 is made of, for example, glass such as LaSF, LaF, BaSF,etc. The prism 112 is a high-refractive medium and at least has a higherrefractive index than the medium which is in contact with the emergentsurface 112 d.

The light source 115 may have a laser diode, a light emitting diode orany other light emitting source.

First, a recording process is described. Light of a wavelength λ emittedfrom the light source 115 is changed into a parallel bundle of rays bythe collimator lens 116. Then, the light passes through the polarizingbeam splitter 117 and the A 14 wavelength plate 118 and is incident tothe prism 112 through the incident surface 112 a. This incident light isreflected on the reflective surface 112 b once and on the reflectivesurface 112 c once, and is converged on the emergent surface 112 d.Then, the light effuses through the emergent surface 112 d as a nearfield light (in other words, optical near field) N. At this time, thecenter ray L of the bundle of rays converging on the emergent surface112 d of the prism 112 is perpendicular to the emergent surface 112 d.The gap between the recording layer 103 of the recording medium 101 andthe emergent surface 112 d is set not more than ¼ of the wavelength λ(60 to 100 nm), and the near field light N irradiates the recordinglayer 103 and forms a recording pit 103 a.

The spot diameter S1 (see FIG. 17) of the near field light N issubstantially equal to that of the light beam as if still traveling inthe prism and is substantially 1/n (n: refractive index of the prism) ofthe spot diameter of the light when traveling in the air. Referring toFIG. 17, if the wavelength λ of the incident light is 650 nm, if therefractive index n of the prism 112 is 1.8, if the diameter W of theincident beam (the parallel bundle of rays) is 1 mm and if the prism 112has a height of 2.1 mm and a length of 3.5 mm, the spot diameter S1 ofthe near field light N is approximately 260 nm, and the recordingdensity is approximately 7 Gbit/inch², which is extremely high.

Because the first internal reflective surface 112 b is a paraboloid ofrevolution which has a focal point on the point P and because the secondinternal reflective surface 112 c is an ellipsoid of revolution whichhas two focal points on the point P and on the point O, these surfaces112 b and 112 c have a function of correcting spherical aberration of aparallel bundle of rays.

Next, a reading process is described. The near field light N irradiatesthe recording pit 3 a of the recording layer in the way described inconnection with the recording process and is reflected thereon, and thereflected light travels backward. The reflected light is emergent fromthe prism 112 through the incident surface 112 a and passes through theλ/4 wavelength plate 118 again. Then, the light is reflected by the beamsplitter 117 and received by the optical detector 119. Thereby, areading signal of the recording pit 103 a is obtained. Because of theλ/4 wavelength plate 118, the reflected light is directed to the opticaldetector 119 without returning to the light source 115, whereby areading signal in good conditions can be obtained. The power of thelight source 115 for reading may be weaker than that for recording.Erasing is carried out in a similar process; if necessary, however, thewavelength of light may be changed.

In the sixth embodiment, light is incident to the prism 112 to bereflected twice therein and is converged on the emergent surface 112 d.Then, recording, reading and erasing are carried out by the resultantnear field light N. The head is composed of the prism 112, and neither aconvergent lens nor a reflective mirror is necessary. Thus, the head issmall and light and can be floated based on the air lubricatingprinciple. Since neither a convergent lens nor a reflective mirror isnecessary, the freedom of the design of the optical system is large.

The shape of the Incident Beam Spot; See FIGS. 18 and 19

The beam spot S incident to the prism 112 is preferably elliptic asshown by FIGS. 18 and 19. FIG. 18 is the section cut along the line“XVIII-XVIII” in FIG. 17, and FIG. 19 is the section cut along the line“XIX-XIX” in FIG. 17. The longer axis of the beam spot S extends in theX direction, and the prism 112 has a larger numerical aperture in the Xdirection. Accordingly, the spot diameter S2 (see FIG. 19) on theconverging point O in the X direction is larger than the spot diameterS1 in the Z direction (see FIG. 17).

Referring to FIG. 18, if the longer axis a and the shorter axis b of theincident beam spot S is 1.5 mm and 1 mm, respectively, if the wavelengthλ of the incident beam is 650 nm, the refractive index n of the prism112 is 1.8 and if the prism 112 has a height of 2.1 mm and has a lengthof 3.5 mm, the spot diameter S1 in the Z direction is approximately 260nm, while the spot diameter S2 in the X direction is approximately 220nm. Accordingly, if the X direction corresponds to the circulardirection (recording direction) of the recording medium 101, therecording density is improved.

Modifications of the Sixth Embodiment

FIG. 20 shows a modification of the sixth embodiment. In thismodification, the collimator lens 116 shown in FIG. 16 is omitted, and adivergent bundle of rays is incident to the prism 112. The incidentsurface 112 a of the prism 112 is convex and changes the incidentdivergent light into a parallel bundle of rays.

FIG. 21 shows another modification of the sixth embodiment. In thismodification, a minuscule opening 114 a is made at the converging pointon the emergent surface 112 d of the prism 112. Specifically, a lightshutter film 114 is covered on the emergent surface 112 d, and at theconverging point, a minuscule opening 114 a is made in the light shutterfilm 114. The light shutter film 114 may be made of the same material ofthe reflective films 113 a and 113 b. By providing the minuscule opening114 a, the spot of the near filed light N can be made smaller, whichpermits higher-density recording.

Seventh Embodiment; See FIG. 22

In the seventh embodiment, for recording, reading and erasing, light ofa wavelength λ₁, light of a wavelength of λ₂ and light of a wavelengthof λ₈ are used, respectively. The seventh embodiment is of the samestructure as the sixth embodiment. The light source 115 has lightemitting sources which emit light of a wavelength λ₁, light of awavelength of λ₂ and light of a wavelength of λ₃, respectively andswitches these light emitting sources for recording, reading and erasingto emit the light of the respective wavelengths toward the prism 112.

In this case, the recording layer 103 is preferably a photochromicmedium. As a specific example,1,2-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)-cis-1,2-dicyanoethene (trade name,made by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) can be named. For such arecording layer 103, light of 355 nm is used for recording; light of 532nm is used for reading; and light of 780 nm is used for erasing.

Recording, reading and erasing in the seventh embodiment are carried outin the same processes as described in the sixth embodiment except thatit is necessary to switch the wavelength of light.

Eighth Embodiment; See FIGS. 23 and 24

As FIGS. 23 and 24 show, the eighth embodiment is an optical head device140 which is a combination of a prism 142 and an optical waveguide 146.The optical waveguide 146 are composed of three optical fibers 146 a,146 b and 146 c (of a conventional type of which core 151 is coveredwith cladding 152) which are provided on an arm 141, and the respectiveone ends of the optical fibers 146 a, 146 b and 146 c are connected toan optical diverging circuit 147. The other end of the optical fiber 146a is connected to a light source 146; the other end of the optical fiber146 b is connected to an incident surface 142 a of the prism 142; andthe other end of the optical fiber 146 c is connected to an opticaldetector 148. As the optical fibers 146 a, 146 b and 146 c, single-modefibers which have a core diameter of 4 μm, a cladding diameter of 125 μmare used.

The light source 145 comprises a light emitting source, such as a laserdiode, a light emitting diode or the like, a collimator lens and anobjective lens. Collimated light of a specified wavelength is incidentto the optical fiber 146 a. The prism 142 has an incident surface 142 a,a first internal reflective surface 142 b, a second internal reflectivesurface 142 c and an emergent surface 142 d. The incident surface 142 a,the first internal reflective surface 142 b and the emergent surface 142d are plane.

Referring to FIG. 24, the second internal reflective surface 112 c isdescribed. In FIG, 24, the point P is the intersection of lines whichare extended in the reverse direction to the side rays of the lightreflected by the first internal reflective surface 142 b, that is, themirror image point of the emergent point R of the optical fiber 146 b inconnection with the first internal reflective surface 142 b. The point Ois a converging point on which the light reflected by the secondinternal reflective surface 112 c is converged. The second internalreflective surface 142 c is an ellipsoid of revolution which has twofocal points on the point P and on the point O. Further, the ellipsoidof revolution 142 c is so designed that its axis of rotation symmetrydoes not intersect the center of the bundle of rays emitted from thelight source 146. The internal reflective surfaces 142 b and 142 c aremade by forming reflective films 143 a and 143 b.

In a recording process, light of a wavelength λ emitted from the lightsource 145 is incident to the optical fiber 146 a and further incidentto the prism 142 via the optical diverging circuit 147 and the opticalfiber 146 b. The incident light is reflected by the reflective surface142 b once and reflected by the reflective surface 142 c once. Then, thelight is converged on the emergent surface 142 d of the prism 142, andthe light effuses through the emergent surface 142 d as a near fieldlight N. At this time, the center ray L of the bundle of rays convergingon the emergent surface 142 d of the prism 142 is perpendicular to theemergent surface 142 d. The gap between the emergent surface 142 d andthe recording layer 103 of the recording medium 101 is set not more than¼ of the wavelength λ (50 to 100 nm), and the near filed light Nirradiates the recording layer 103 and forms a recording pit 103 a.

The internal reflective surface 142 c of the prism 142 is an ellipsoidof revolution which has two focal points on the emergent point R of theoptical fiber 146 b, that is, the beam waist W of the light beam emittedfrom the optical fiber 146 b and on the converging point O. The lightbeam emergent from the optical fiber 146 b is a divergent bundle ofrays, and the reflective surface 142 c which is an ellipsoid ofrevolution has a function of correcting spherical aberration of adivergent bundle of rays.

In a reading process, the near field light N is reflected on therecording layer 103 at the recording pit 103 a and travels backward inthe prism 142. Then, the reflected light is converged on the end surfaceof the optical fiber 146 b. This reflected light travels to the opticaldiverging circuit 147 through the optical fiber 146 b and is directed tothe optical detector 148 by the optical fiber 146 c. Thereby, a readingsignal of the recording pit 103 a is obtained. The power of the lightsource 145 for reading may be weaker than the power for recording.Erasing is carried out in a similar process; the wavelength of light,however, may be required to be changed.

The eighth embodiment brings the same effects as the sixth embodiment.Moreover, because the prism 142 is connected to the optical waveguide146, the optical head device 140 is stable against vibration of the arm141 due to vibration of the recording medium 101 and external vibrationand shock, and the optical axis does not shift, which secures stablerecording/reading performance.

Further, in the eighth embodiment, a modification shown by FIG. 20 canbe adopted. Also, a minuscule opening may be made on the convergingpoint O of the emcrgent surface 142 d as FIG. 21 shows. Further, as FIG.22 shows, light of a wavelength λ₁, light of a wavelength λ₂ and lightof a wavelength λ₃ may be used. As the optical waveguide, a thin filmwaveguide of a ZnO layer can be used as well as optical fibers.

In order to maintain the gap between the optical head and the recordingmedium, not only an air floating method but also any other methods canbe adopted. The light source and the optical elements may be of anyother structure, and the prism may be of any other shape. The emergentsurface of the prism may be convex toward the recording medium so thatpositioning of the optical head in a closed place to the recordingmedium will be easier.

In the optical head devices 110 and 140 of a double internal reflectiontype, although in the sixth through eighth embodiments, the lightconverges on the converging point O of the emergent surface of the prismin such a way that the center ray L is perpendicular to the emergentsurface of the prism, it is satisfactory even if the angle of the centerray L shifts within ±10° from the vertical direction. If the angle ofthe center ray L shifts more, the quantity of light transmitting throughthe minuscule opening may be lowered, and near field light distributionmay be out of order, which are undesirable.

Although the present invention has been described in connection with thepreferred embodiments above, it is to be noted that various changes andmodifications are possible to those who are skilled in the art. Suchchanges and modifications are to be understood as being within the scopeof the present invention.

1-26. (canceled)
 27. An optical head device for use in at least one ofrecording and reading of information to or from an optical recordingmedium, comprising: a light source for emitting a light beam; and aprism for converging the light beam from the light source, the prismcomprising: a first surface through which the light beam advancing alonga first direction enters into the prism, the first direction beingparallel to a recording surface of the optical recording medium; asecond surface for reflecting the light beam which has entered into theprism through the first surface within the prism; a third surface forreflecting the light beam reflected by the second surface within theprism; and a fourth surface through which the light beam reflected bythe third surface is emergent from the prism for at least one ofrecording and reading of information, wherein, in vicinity of the fourthsurface, at least one of the first, second and third surfaces convergesthe light beam and forms a beam spot.
 28. The optical head deviceaccording to claim 27, wherein the third surface reflects the light beamto a second direction which is perpendicular to the first direction. 29.The optical head device according to claim 27, wherein: the fourthsurface has a light shutter layer having a minuscule opening which issmaller than the beam spot; the light shutter layer except the minusculeopening prevents the light beam from passing through the fourth surface;and a near field light effuses from the minuscule opening.
 30. Theoptical head device according to claim 27, wherein the fourth surface isparallel to the first direction.
 31. An optical head device for use inat least one of recording and reading of information to or from anoptical recording medium, comprising: a light source for emitting alight beam; and a prism for converging the light beam from the lightsource in vicinity of an emergent surface thereof, wherein a light beamadvancing along a direction parallel to a recording surface of therecording medium enters into the prism; the light beam which has enteredinto the prism is reflected within the prism twice; and the light beamreflected within the prism is emergent from the prism through theemergent surface.
 32. The optical head device according to claim 31,wherein: the emergent surface has a light shutter layer having aminuscule opening which is smaller than the beam spot; the light shutterlayer except the minuscule opening prevents the light beam from passingthrough the emergent surface; and a near field light effuses from theminuscule opening.
 33. A prism for converging an incident light beam,comprising: a first surface through which a light beam advancing along afirst direction enters into the prism; a second surface for reflectingthe light beam which has entered into the prism through the firstsurface within the prism, the light beam reflected by the second surfaceadvancing along a second direction different from the first direction; athird surface for reflecting the light beam reflected by the secondsurface within the prism, the light beam reflected by the third surfaceadvancing along a third direction different from the first and seconddirections; and a fourth surface through which the light beam reflectedby the third surface is emergent from the prism, wherein, in vicinity ofthe fourth surface, at least one of the first, second and third surfacesconverges the light beam and forms a beam spot.
 34. The prism accordingto claim 33, wherein: the fourth surface has a light shutter layerhaving a minuscule opening which is smaller than the beam spot; thelight shutter layer except the minuscule opening prevents the light beamfrom passing through the fourth surface; and a near field light effusesfrom the minuscule opening.
 35. A prism for converging an incident lightbeam in vicinity of an emergent surface thereof, wherein: a light beamadvancing along a first direction enters into the prism, the firstdirection being substantially parallel to the emergent surface of theprism; and the light beam which has entered into the prism is reflectedwithin the prism twice.
 36. The prism according to claim 35, wherein:the emergent surface has a light shutter layer having a minusculeopening which is smaller than the beam spot; the light shutter layerexcept the minuscule opening prevents the light beam from passingthrough the emergent surface; and a near field light effuses from theminuscule opening.